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He was an active Jacobite and uncle to James Waldegrave, a British diplomat. In 1713, a letter attributed to Charles Waldegrave analyzed a game called "le Her". In the 1650s, Pascal and Huygens developed the concept of expectation on reasoning about the structure of games of chance, and Huygens published his gambling calculus in De ratiociniis in ludo aleæ ( On Reasoning in Games of Chance) in 1657. Cardano's work on games of chance in Liber de ludo aleae ( Book on Games of Chance), which was written around 1564 but published posthumously in 1663, formulated some of the field's basic ideas.
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Modern game theory began with the idea of mixed-strategy equilibria in two-person zero-sum game and its proof by John von Neumann. In the 21st century, game theory applies to a wide range of behavioral relations it is now an umbrella term for the science of logical decision making in humans, animals, as well as computers. Originally, it addressed two-person zero-sum games, in which each participant's gains or losses are exactly balanced by those of other participants. It has applications in all fields of social science, as well as in logic, systems science and computer science. Game theory is the study of mathematical models of strategic interactions among rational agents.